Which viruses are associated with the development of cancer?

The association of human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (Hep B) with cancer is well-documented in medical literature. HPV is primarily linked to cervical cancer, as well as other anogenital cancers and oropharyngeal cancers. The virus causes changes in the host cell DNA that can lead to unregulated cell growth and malignancy.

Similarly, hepatitis B virus is known to increase the risk of liver cancer, specifically hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic infection with Hep B can lead to cirrhosis and the development of cancer through mechanisms that involve direct viral integration into the host genome and chronic inflammation.

The other viruses mentioned in the choices either have no established direct relationship with cancer or are associated with different health concerns. While HIV can lead to a higher incidence of certain types of cancer due to immunosuppression, and while herpes simplex virus (HSV) is linked to genital lesions and sometimes contributing to cancer risk in other ways, they are not as directly correlated with cancer development as HPV and Hep B. COVID-19 has not been shown to directly cause cancer, and the same is true for measles and mumps, which are primarily known for their infectious diseases rather than being direct oncogenic viruses.